Micro-insurance for farmers and livestock traders
Micro-insurance for farmers and livestock traders
Type 3: Borderland with fragile context and underdeveloped regional integration infrastructure.
White Space Typology
Dual White Space (Business & Policy): Despite high vulnerability to climate shocks and strong development need, there is limited policy focus on micro-insurance in the borderland and no proven private sector model. Lack of regulatory frameworks, consumer awareness, and local data hinder scale, while commercial players remain absent due to perceived risk and weak demand signals. Both public and private action are needed to unlock the opportunity.
Business Model Description
Develop and offer index-based and/or traditional micro-insurance products covering livestock mortality, crop failure, and potentially other relevant risks. Partner with local SACCOs, MFIs, and community groups for distribution and premium collection. Target smallholder farmers, pastoralists, and agro-pastoralists across the borderland. Secure initial funding through development grants and impact investment, transitioning to a premium-based, commercially sustainable model.
How is this information gathered?
Cross-border investment opportunities with potential to contribute to sustainable development are based on Borderlands SDG Investor Maps.
Disclaimer
UNDP, the Private Finance for the SDGs, and their affiliates (collectively “UNDP”) do not seek or solicit investment for programmes, projects, or opportunities described on this site (collectively “Programmes”) or any other Programmes, and nothing on this page should constitute a solicitation for investment. The actors listed on this site are not partners of UNDP, and their inclusion should not be construed as an endorsement or recommendation by UNDP for any relationship or investment.
The descriptions on this page are provided for informational purposes only. Only companies and enterprises that appear under the case study tab have been validated and vetted through UNDP programmes such as the Growth Stage Impact Ventures (GSIV), Business Call to Action (BCtA), or through other UN agencies. Even then, under no circumstances should their appearance on this website be construed as an endorsement for any relationship or investment. UNDP assumes no liability for investment losses directly or indirectly resulting from recommendations made, implied, or inferred by its research. Likewise, UNDP assumes no claim to investment gains directly or indirectly resulting from trading profits, investment management, or advisory fees obtained by following investment recommendations made, implied, or inferred by its research.
Investment involves risk, and all investments should be made with the supervision of a professional investment manager or advisor. The materials on the website are not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any investment, security, or commodity, nor shall any security be offered or sold to any person, in any jurisdiction in which such offer would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction.
Region
Sector Classification
Financials
Borderland development need
National data show that only 58% of Ugandans and 83% of Kenyans have access to formal financial services, but rates are much lower in marginalized regions. In West Pokot, only 5.4% of farmers have access to formal finance for agriculture, as many small traders, farmers, and youth operate entirely outside the banking system, relying on home savings or informal lenders. This lack of access to credit, insurance, and savings prevents investment in business expansion, reduces resilience to shocks, and reinforces poverty cycles. Improving financial inclusion is foundational to unlocking the borderland’s economic potential. (7, 9, 12, 13)
Borderland policy priority
Expanding financial access is a shared policy priority across the border: the Karamoja Integrated Development Plan (KIDP3) supports scaling up financial literacy, strengthening SACCOs and VSLAs, and connecting farmers to formal financial services, while the West Pokot County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) promotes affordable credit through cooperative development. Both strategies aim to boost entrepreneurship, agricultural investment, and resilience, with a strong focus on cooperatives as vehicles for local empowerment. (1, 2)
Gender inequalities and marginalization issues
In 2022, 52% of women had access to formal finance, and 35.5% could only access informal finance. Across the borderland, women, youth, and other marginalized groups face systemic barriers to accessing financial services. These include lack of formal identification, limited financial literacy, and social norms that restrict mobility and decision-making power. As a result, many are excluded from formal financial systems and depend instead on informal mechanisms such as village savings and loan associations (VSLAs) or saving at home. (13, 16, 17)
Investment opportunities introduction
Emerging opportunities include digital financial services, mobile money expansion, SACCO scaling, and tailored SME financial products. Growing demand for agriculture and clean energy finance presents entry points for impact-driven investors and fintech innovators. (12, 14, 15)
Key bottlenecks introduction
High collateral demands, limited rural outreach, lack of tailored products, and weak financial literacy constrain both demand and supply. Formal lenders struggle with risk perceptions, while cooperatives lack capitalization and systems to scale their services sustainably. (11, 12, 14, 15)
Insurance
Borderland development need
Smallholder farmers and pastoralists across the borderland face recurrent climate and market shocks, yet have no access to risk mitigation tools. Over 80% of households in Karamoja rely on agriculture or livestock for livelihoods, but less than 1% are insured. These communities depend on informal coping mechanisms such as distress sales or food aid, which deepen vulnerability. Micro-insurance tailored to mobile pastoralism and smallholder farming could increase resilience, reduce aid dependency, and unlock productive investment. (7, 9, 18, 53)
Borderland policy priority
The KIDP3 identifies insurance as an indirect priority under efforts to improve financial inclusion and agricultural resilience. It calls for tailored livestock and crop insurance products, support to VSLAs, and stronger linkages between smallholder farmers and financial institutions. Likewise, West Pokot’s CIDP highlights structured support for cooperatives and small businesses through financing tools (e.g. the Biashara Mashinani Fund) and capacity-building initiatives. (1, 2)
Insurance is however not always explicitly mentioned, emphasizing the need to create a stronger policy entry point for micro-insurance solutions.
Gender inequalities and marginalization issues
Women and youth, who are often excluded from land ownership and financial services, are particularly vulnerable to shocks but underrepresented in insurance uptake. In 2018 in Kenya, less than 0.5% of women had access to crop or livestock insurance. Without gender-sensitive micro-insurance solutions, their resilience remains low and their exclusion deepens. (16, 17, 53)
Investment opportunities introduction
There is a strong case for blended finance to support micro-insurance pilots for livestock and crops. Despite low insurance uptake, 43% of households regularly keep money aside for emergencies. Viable entry points include index-based livestock insurance, bundled services (e.g., feed + cover), and partnerships with SACCOs or mobile money providers. Demand exists if products are localized and trusted. (13, 14, 15, 20)
Key bottlenecks introduction
The main barriers include low awareness, distrust of insurance, lack of tailored products for mobile pastoralists, and the absence of local delivery infrastructure. Policy support is fragmented, and actuarial data for the region is limited, deterring private insurers. (12, 14, 15)
Insurance
Pipeline Opportunity
Micro-insurance for farmers and livestock traders
Develop and offer index-based and/or traditional micro-insurance products covering livestock mortality, crop failure, and potentially other relevant risks. Partner with local SACCOs, MFIs, and community groups for distribution and premium collection. Target smallholder farmers, pastoralists, and agro-pastoralists across the borderland. Secure initial funding through development grants and impact investment, transitioning to a premium-based, commercially sustainable model.
Business Case
Market Size and Environment
< USD 50 million
15% - 20%
Over 80% of households in Karamoja and West Pokot depend on farming and livestock yet lack formal risk protection. In Kenya, only 7% of the population is insured, highlighting the gap. Frequent droughts, disease outbreaks, and crop failure amplify this need. Index-based or bundled micro-insurance tailored to local systems can unlock a large, untapped market across the borderland. (30, 34)
Indicative Return
20% – 25%
Micro-insurance schemes in East Africa (e.g., Pula, ILRI) show 15–25% ROI by years 3–5, especially when bundled with inputs and supported by tech and co-financing. The global microinsurance market is projected to grow by 10% annually, reflecting rising demand. Risk-sharing and reinsurance further strengthen returns as trust builds and renewals increase. (30, 34)
Investment Timeframe
Short Term (0–5 years)
Micro-insurance models take time to scale due to low awareness and initial mistrust. Years 1–2 require product development, outreach, and piloting. Years 3–5 bring increased uptake, cost recovery, and operational sustainability—mirroring timelines of donor-backed pilots across vulnerable East African regions. (30)
Ticket Size
< USD 500,000
Market Risks and Scale Obstacles
Business - Business Model Unproven
Capital - Requires Subsidy
Market - Highly Regulated
Expected Financing Model
Blended financing (risk sharing and public support)
EIOA Business Criteria
Strong unmet demand exists among 200,000+ households facing drought, livestock loss, and crop failure; growing interest from insurers and fintechs makes the model viable with blended support. (30)
Targets smallholders and pastoralists using index or bundled insurance products, distributed via SACCOs, MFIs, and agent networks in Karamoja and West Pokot. (31, 32, 34)
Digital platforms, community distribution models, and regional climate risks enable expansion across the borderland and into similar arid zones. (22, 23, 34)
Pilots by Pula, ILRI, and ACRE show technical feasibility, though uptake remains low without trust-building, subsidies, and tailored outreach. (31, 33, 35)
Impact Case
Sustainable Development Need
Frequent climate shocks (droughts, crop failure, livestock loss) threaten livelihoods for 200,000+ households in Karamoja and West Pokot, with most relying on negative coping strategies. (7, 12, 14)
Formal insurance coverage remains extremely low (under 7% of the population in Kenya and lower in Uganda) leaving smallholders and pastoralists highly vulnerable. (34)
Public and donor relief systems are generally slow; proactive risk transfer tools like microinsurance are largely unavailable in the borderland. (26, 27, 28)
Gender & Marginalisation
Women and youth face structural exclusion from formal insurance due to limited financial literacy, mobility, and asset ownership, making them less likely to access risk protection tools. (24)
Existing coping strategies (e.g. selling livestock or withdrawing children from school) disproportionately affect female-headed households. (6)
There are currently no microinsurance products in the region designed to address the specific needs or constraints of marginalized groups, despite their higher vulnerability to shocks. (21, 23, 24)
Expected Development Outcome
Encourages investment in agriculture and livestock by de-risking production, leading to productivity gains and more stable local economies. (19, 20)
Expands financial inclusion through innovative, accessible products linked to SACCOs, cooperatives, and mobile platforms. (19, 20)
Reduced cross-border tensions through risk-sharing and trust-building measures, cutting resource conflicts and fostering cooperation. (19, 20)
Gender & Marginalisation
Improved access to tailored microinsurance products helps women and youth protect livelihoods from shocks, reducing long-term vulnerability and promoting financial inclusion. (18)
Risk protection reduces the need for harmful coping strategies disproportionately used by marginalized groups, such as asset liquidation or early marriage. (18)
Strengthened participation of women and youth in SACCOs and cooperatives enhances decision-making power and access to bundled financial services. (25, 52)
Primary SDGs addressed
11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population
N/A
N/A
5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Directly impacted stakeholders
People
Gender inequality and/or marginalization
Planet
Corporates
Public sector
Indirectly impacted stakeholders
People
Gender inequality and/or marginalization
Planet
Corporates
Public sector
Outcome Risks
Exclusion of vulnerable groups: If poorly designed, products may exclude women, youth, or illiterate users, reinforcing financial marginalization instead of addressing it.
Inequitable access and perceptions of bias: Uneven coverage across ethnic or geographic groups may create perceptions of favoritism, aggravating local tensions or distrust.
False sense of security: Farmers may take greater risks assuming they are protected, leading to deeper losses if products fail to pay out due to index mismatch.
Premium burden on poor households: If subsidies phase out too quickly, the cost of premiums may become unaffordable, pushing vulnerable households further into poverty.
Impact Risks
Low uptake due to trust and literacy gaps: Lack of awareness or mistrust of insurance, especially in remote communities, can limit adoption and impact at scale.
Gender bias in product design or access: Products not tailored to women’s roles or mobility constraints may exclude them, deepening existing inequalities.
Climate shocks outpacing model limits: Extreme or erratic climate events may exceed coverage assumptions, reducing the relevance or reliability of payouts.
IMP Impact Classification
What
Low financial literacy and trust, weak distribution channels, and inadequate regulatory support may limit uptake and long-term viability.
Who
Primarily low-income agro-pastoral households in Karamoja and West Pokot, with emphasis on women, youth, and marginalized groups.
Risk
Low financial literacy and trust, weak distribution channels, and inadequate regulatory support may limit uptake and long-term viability.
Enabling Environment
White Space Typology
Dual White Space (Business & Policy): Despite high vulnerability to climate shocks and strong development need, there is limited policy focus on micro-insurance in the borderland and no proven private sector model. Lack of regulatory frameworks, consumer awareness, and local data hinder scale, while commercial players remain absent due to perceived risk and weak demand signals. Both public and private action are needed to unlock the opportunity.
Main Barriers
Low consumer awareness and trust: Most smallholder farmers and pastoralists are unfamiliar with insurance products, and mistrust persists due to lack of visible payouts or prior experience, limiting uptake and renewals.
Lack of viable distribution channels: There is no established network for cost-effective delivery of micro-insurance, especially in remote areas. Agent networks, SACCOs, and MFIs lack the capacity to distribute and manage insurance products at scale.
Regulatory gaps in micro-insurance: National insurance frameworks in both Kenya and Uganda lack specific provisions for index-based or community-based micro-insurance models, creating legal uncertainty for product approval and claims enforcement.
Limited government support and incentives: There are few public subsidies, premium co-financing schemes, or reinsurance facilities to de-risk micro-insurance ventures, making entry unattractive for private insurers and investors.
General Policy Environment
Third Karamoja Integrated Development Plan (KIDP3) 2021/22 – 2025/26: Emphasizes improving access to financial services and agricultural insurance for smallholder farmers and pastoralists, with support to SACCOs and VSLAs as key delivery channels. (1)
West Pokot County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) 2023 – 2027: Prioritizes expanding cooperative-based credit and insurance for farmers and traders, including livestock breeders' cooperatives and agri-enterprises to build resilience. (2)
Uganda National Financial Inclusion Strategy (2017–2022): Identifies agricultural insurance as a critical tool for improving risk mitigation and livelihood security for rural households and calls for bundling with financial services. (36)
Kenya Fourth Medium Term Plan (MTP IV) 2023–2027: Recognizes insurance as a priority area for financial deepening and recommends innovations in micro-insurance and risk-sharing for underserved sectors like agriculture. (37)
Uganda National Health Policy (2010): Promotes inclusive insurance markets and encourages development of products for vulnerable groups, but lacks specific directives for micro- and index-based insurance models. (38)
Policy Recommendations
Business – Develop premium subsidies and reinsurance schemes to de-risk early-stage investments and attract private insurers. These mechanisms can be public or donor-backed and structured for scalability.
Business – Promote bundling with agri-inputs and services through cooperatives, SACCOs, and extension agents. This increases uptake, reduces distribution costs, and embeds insurance into existing value chains.
Policy – Include index-based micro-insurance in national insurance frameworks to clarify licensing, regulation, and risk-sharing mechanisms, particularly for digital and cross-border insurance products.
Policy – Integrate micro-insurance into national agricultural and resilience strategies, with specific targets for livestock and smallholder coverage. Include implementation support for local financial institutions.
General Regulatory Environment
Uganda Insurance Act (2017, amended): Regulates insurance business and enables micro-insurance licensing, but lacks detailed provisions for index-based or agricultural insurance products. (39)
Kenya Insurance Act (Cap. 487, revised): Governs insurance operations and allows for micro-insurance, yet regulatory clarity on parametric products and partnerships with SACCOs remains limited. (40
Uganda Tier 4 Microfinance Institutions and Moneylenders Act (2016): Regulates SACCOs and VSLAs, which are key distribution channels for micro-insurance but are not yet formally integrated into insurance delivery. (41)
Kenya Microinsurance Regulations (2020 Draft): Outlines microinsurance product and distribution guidelines, including simplified contracts and use of mobile platforms, but has yet to be finalized and enforced. (42)
Regulatory Reccomendations
Uganda Insurance Act (2017, amended): Regulates insurance business and enables micro-insurance licensing, but lacks detailed provisions for index-based or agricultural insurance products. (39)
Kenya Insurance Act (Cap. 487, revised): Governs insurance operations and allows for micro-insurance, yet regulatory clarity on parametric products and partnerships with SACCOs remains limited. (40
Uganda Tier 4 Microfinance Institutions and Moneylenders Act (2016): Regulates SACCOs and VSLAs, which are key distribution channels for micro-insurance but are not yet formally integrated into insurance delivery. (41)
Kenya Microinsurance Regulations (2020 Draft): Outlines microinsurance product and distribution guidelines, including simplified contracts and use of mobile platforms, but has yet to be finalized and enforced. (42)
General Cross-border Trade Policy and Regulatory environment
EAC Insurance Regulatory Harmonization Initiative: Aims to align insurance laws across member states, but cross-border insurance (especially index-based models) still faces institutional and legal gaps. (43)
EAC Financial Sector Development and Regionalization Strategy (2016–2025): Promotes harmonized financial regulations across EAC countries, supporting the integration of insurance markets and enabling cross-border insurance services tailored to mobile and pastoralist populations. (44)
EAC Cross-Border Trade in Services Protocol (2010): Facilitates the free movement of services, including financial services like insurance. This protocol can help establish regional licensing and recognition of micro-insurance providers, reducing regulatory duplication. (45)
IGAD Protocol on Transhumance (2021): Supports the mobility of pastoralist communities across borders and encourages the development of insurance and financial services adapted to their needs, aligning well with mobile micro-insurance schemes for livestock herders. (46)
General Cross-border Trade Policy and Regulatory Recommendations
Establish a regional framework for cross-border insurance licensing: Enable micro-insurance providers to operate seamlessly across Kenya and Uganda by harmonizing regulatory requirements, approvals, and supervisory oversight under EAC protocols.
Incorporate mobile micro-insurance under regional digital finance policies: Align mobile-based insurance products with cross-border mobile money interoperability frameworks to facilitate premium collection and claims across borders.
Mandate cross-border data-sharing protocols for insurance risk modeling: Support regional risk pooling by allowing access to harmonized livestock, climate, and agricultural data for index-based insurance design and reinsurance collaboration.
Capital structure and funding
Current capital for micro-insurance in the region comes mainly from international donors (e.g., IFAD, USAID) and NGOs supporting pilots. Few commercial insurers are active due to limited uptake and unclear margins. (20, 31, 32, 33)
Identified opportunities would require $100,000–$500,000 per project, with initial support from blended capital combining concessional funds and impact investments, gradually shifting toward premium-based revenue models as uptake increases. (30)
Capital flows remain limited and sporadic, tied to donor-driven pilots with little private investment. Few long-term capital commitments exist, and most funding is project-based with short implementation windows. (20, 24)
Conflict and insecurity in the borderland deter commercial investment and raise transaction costs. However, government stabilization strategies and donor peacebuilding funds help de-risk financial access. (50, 51)
Financial incentives
Uganda’s Agricultural Credit Facility (ACF) provides concessional loans to agribusinesses but does not currently target micro-insurance. With adjustments, it could support bundled insurance-linked finance products. (47)
Kenya’s Insurance Regulatory Authority has piloted subsidies for agricultural insurance through public-private partnerships, offering models for scaling support to micro-insurance in underserved regions. (48)
Financial recommendations
Uganda’s Agricultural Credit Facility (ACF) provides concessional loans to agribusinesses but does not currently target micro-insurance. With adjustments, it could support bundled insurance-linked finance products. (47)
Kenya’s Insurance Regulatory Authority has piloted subsidies for agricultural insurance through public-private partnerships, offering models for scaling support to micro-insurance in underserved regions. (48)
Security Environment
Persistent livestock theft and retaliatory attacks in Karamoja and West Pokot undermine trust in collective schemes, deter investment, and reduce the viability of insuring mobile herds. (49, 50)
Armed incursions and porous borders allow conflict to spread across communities, disrupting market access and movement needed for insurance registration, outreach, and verification. (49, 50, 52)
The involvement of youth in armed activity creates volatility that can deter community-based insurance distribution and outreach activities. (49, 50)
Socio-political environment
Local elites may dominate cooperative structures or SACCOs, skewing access to insurance products and limiting equitable uptake across communities. (51)
In many pastoralist communities, women have limited authority over livestock or household finances, reducing their ability to enroll in or benefit from insurance schemes. (6, 52)
Disputes over grazing land and water access, especially during drought can escalate, creating mistrust between groups and undermining collective models needed for insurance enrollment. (49, 50)
Fragmented roles between local governments, traditional authorities, and NGOs create confusion and duplication, delaying the rollout of micro-insurance and reducing community confidence in such initiatives. (51)
Risk mitigation strategies
Bundle insurance with inputs (e.g., seeds, vet care) and apply targeted subsidies to lower costs and increase uptake, while using SACCOs and cooperatives as trusted distribution channels.
Promote digital platforms for enrollment and payouts to reduce physical exposure in insecure areas, while engaging local leaders to ensure safe access to services.
Establish transparent community selection and oversight mechanisms within cooperatives and SACCOs to ensure fair access and build local trust in insurance products.
Create gender-sensitive products, ensure women's participation in outreach and trainings, and partner with women's groups to improve access and decision-making power.
Actors in EIOA Space
ACRE Africa, Pula Advisors, APA Insurance
County Government of West Pokot, Ministry for Karamoja Affairs, Kenya Agriculture Insurance Programme (KAIP), Uganda's Agricultural Credit Facility (ACF)
Global Index Insurance Facility (GIIF), Green Climate Fund (GCF)
One Acre Fund, Self Help Africa
With funding and technical assistance from donors such as the World Bank, USAID, and DFID, Upon further research, it appears that the Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) program, which utilizes satellite data to assess forage conditions and trigger payouts for pastoralists during droughts, was developed through a collaboration involving the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Equity Bank, and UAP Insurance. This initiative was launched in Kenya's Marsabit District in 2010. (35)
References
Sector and Subsector Sources
- (1) Ministry for Karamoja Affairs & Office of the Prime Minister. (2021). The Third Karamoja Integrated Development Plan (KIDP 3) 2021–2025.
- (2) County Government of West Pokot. (2023). Third County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) 2023–2027.
- (3) Catley, A., et al. (2021). Introducing pathways to resilience in the Karamoja Cluster. Pastoralism, 11(28). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-021-00214-4
- (4) UNDP Africa Borderlands Centre. (2022). The Karamoja Cluster: Rapid Conflict Analysis and Gender Assessment (Kenya and Uganda).
- (5) Kenya High Commission Kampala. (2025). Kenya-Uganda Trade & Investments. Accessed February 2025. https://www.kenyamissionkampala.ug/kenya-uganda-trade-investments
- (6) Columbia SIPA. (2020). Ethical Cross-Border Trading between Kenya and Uganda by Women-led Micro and Small Enterprises.
- (7) Aklilu, Y. (2017). Livestock Trade in Karamoja, Uganda: An Update of Market Dynamics and Trends. USAID. https://karamojaresilience.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/tufts_1803_krsu_livestock_trade_karamoja_v2_online.pdf
- (8) Arasio, R.L., and E. Stites. 2022. “The Return of Conflict in Karamoja, Uganda: Community Perspectives.” Karamoja Resilience Support Unit (KRSU), Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Kamp
- (9) Interpeace, IGAD, & FAO. (2023). Conflict, Climate Change, Food Security and Mobility in the Karamoja Cluster. https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Conflict-climate-change-food-security-and-mobility-in-the-Karamoja-Cluster.pdf
- (10) Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED). (2025). Regional Overview – Africa, February 2025. https://acleddata.com/2025/02/10/africa-overview-february-2025
- (11) Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), and FSD Kenya. (2021). 2021 FinAccess Household Survey. Nairobi.
- (12) Mwaniki, J. M., & Nyanga’au, C. N. (2023). Impact of Financial Inclusion on Access to Finance for Startup and Business Operations in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Kenya. KIPPRA Discussion Paper No. 307. Retrieved from: https://kippra.or.ke/download/impact-of-financial-inclusion-on-access-to-finance-for-startup-and-business-operations-in-arid-and-semi-arid-lands-of-kenya-dp-307 "13) CBK, KNBS, & FSD Kenya. (2022). FinAccess Household Survey: County Perspective. Nairobi. Retrieved from: https://www.fsdkenya.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FinAccess-Household-Survey-County-perspective-November-2022-2.pdf "
- (14) Financial Inclusion Tracker Surveys Project. (2012). Mobile Money in Uganda: Use, Barriers and Opportunities. Retrieved from: https://www.findevgateway.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mfg-en-paper-mobile-money-in-uganda-use-barriers-and-opportunities-oct-2012.pdf
- (15) Budget Monitoring and Accountability Unit (BMAU). (2014). Microfinance Support Centre’s provision of Institutional loans: Why is uptake declining? BMAU Briefing Paper (10/14). Retrieved from: https://archive.finance.go.ug/sites/default/files/Publications/BMAU%20Briefing%20Paper%2010-14%20-Microfinance%20Support%20Centre%E2%80%99s%20provision%20of%20Institutional%20loans.%20Why%20is%20uptake%20declining.pdf
- (16) FSD Uganda. (2021). Gender Barriers to Access and Use of Financial Services by Women in Uganda. Kampala. Retrieved from: https://www.fsduganda.or.ug/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Gender-Qualitative-Study-Report-November-2021.pdf
- (17) International Finance Corporation (IFC). (2020). Research and Literature Review of Challenges to Women Accessing Digital Financial Services. Washington, D.C._site/gender+at+ifc/resources/dfs-literature-review
- (18) Behnke, R.H. and Arasio, R.L., 2019. The Productivity and Economic Value of Livestock in Karamoja Sub-region, Uganda. Karamoja Resilience Support Unit, USAID/Uganda, UK aid, and Irish Aid, Kampala.
- (19) Pierre Casal Ribeiro. Insurance and microinsurance of agricultural risks : public-private partnerships and innovative business models. Business administration. Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2021. English. ffNNT : 2021PA100149ff. fftel-03817171f
- (20) ISF Advisors. (2022). State of the Sector: Agri-Insurance for Smallholder Farmers – A Global Stocktake of an Evolving Industry. Washington, DC: ISF Advisors.
EIOA Sources
- (21) Interview with public district officers in Moroto and West Pokot
- (22) Interview with Foundation supporting access to finance for entrepreneurs in West Pokot
- (23) Interviews with main commercial banks in Moroto
- (24) Interviews with microfinance institutions in Karamoja and West Pokot
- (25) Interviews with SACCO managers in Moroto
- (26) Interview with the Moroto livestock market committee
- (27) Interview with the Moroto Livestock Traders and Butchery Association
- (28) Interview with an agribusiness consultant for a large international organisation
- (29) Interview with West Pokot Chamber of Commerce
- (30) Estimations based on interview data with district officials, commercial banks, microfinance institutions, livestock market associations, farmers cooperatives, and regional studies.
- (31) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (n.d.). ACRE Africa provides micro-insurance. SDG Investor Platform. Retrieved from: https://sdgprivatefinance.undp.org/leveraging-capital/sdg-investor-platform/business-case-studies/acre-africa-provides-micro-insurance
- (32) International Labour Organization (ILO). (2019). Extending social security to workers in the informal economy: Lessons from international experience. Geneva: ILO. Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_711897.pdf
- (33) Time Magazine. (2023). Thomas Njeru is bringing microinsurance to farmers in Africa. Retrieved from: https://time.com/7023557/thomas-njeru/
- (34) Chatham House. (2015). Microinsurance in Africa: Meeting Summary. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved from: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/events/2015-04-27-microinsurance-africa-meeting-summary_0.pdf
- (35) International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). (n.d.). GIS and Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI). Nairobi: ILRI. Retrieved from: https://newsarchive.ilri.org/archives/tag/gis
- (36) Government of the Republic of Uganda. (2017). National Financial Inclusion Strategy 2017–2022. Kampala: Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. Retrieved from: https://ugandabankers.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/National-Financial-Inclusion-Strategy-2017-2022.pdf
- (37) Republic of Kenya. (2024). Fourth Medium Term Plan (MTP IV) 2023–2027: Popular Version. Nairobi: Kenya Vision 2030 Delivery Secretariat. Retrieved from: https://vision2030.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/FINAL-MTP-IV-2023-2027-Popular-Version_240320_184300.pdf
- (38) Government of Uganda. (2010). Uganda National Health Policy II. Kampala: Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development.
- (39) Government of Uganda. (2017). The Insurance Act, 2017 (as amended). Kampala: Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation.
- (40) Government of Kenya. (Revised). The Insurance Act (Cap. 487). Nairobi: National Council for Law Reporting.
- (41) Government of Uganda. (2016). Tier 4 Microfinance Institutions and Moneylenders Act, 2016. Kampala: Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation.
- (42) Insurance Regulatory Authority of Kenya. (2020). Draft Microinsurance Regulations, 2020. Nairobi: IRA Kenya.
- (43) East African Community (EAC). (n.d.). EAC Insurance Regulatory Harmonization Initiative. Arusha: EAC Secretariat.
- (44) East African Community (EAC). (2016). EAC Financial Sector Development and Regionalization Strategy (2016–2025). Arusha: EAC Secretariat.
- (45)East African Community (EAC). (2010). Protocol on the Establishment of the East African Community Common Market: Annex V – Schedule on the Progressive Liberalization of Trade in Services. Arusha: EAC Secretariat.
- (46) Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). (2021). Protocol on Transhumance. Djibouti: IGAD Secretariat.
- (47) Bank of Uganda. (n.d.). Agricultural Credit Facility (ACF). Kampala: Bank of Uganda.
- (48) World Bank. (2015). Toward a National Crop and Livestock Insurance Program: Summary of Policy Suggestions. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
- (49) Gray, S., Sundal, M., Wiebusch, B., Little, M. A., Leslie, P. W., & Pike, I. L. (2003). “Cattle Raiding, Cultural Survival, and Adaptability of East African Pastoralists”. Current Anthropology, 44(S5), S3–S30. Retrieved from: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/377669
- (50) Stites, E. (2022). Conflict in Karamoja: A Synthesis of Historical and Current Perspectives, 1920–2022. Karamoja Resilience Support Unit (KRSU), Feinstein International Center, Tufts University.
- (51) USAID. (2023). Applied Political Economy Analysis for the Karamoja Cluster. Washington, DC: USAID.
- (52) Interview with cross-border trade associations. (2024). Primary data collected by author.
- (53) Kenya Insurance Regulatory Authority (2019) Insurance Industry Annual Report 2018.